Skin care là gì

Skincare là gì các bước Skincare đơn giản cho da khỏe đẹp

Bạn có chắc mình đã hiểu đúng skincare là gì và áp dụng các bước skincare chính xác hay chưa?  Hãy cùng chúng tôi tìm hiểu chi tiết hơn về skincare qua bài viết dưới đây nhé!

Skincare là gì?

Skincare chính là chăm sóc da. Skincare có nhiều bước và cách thực hiện. Việc chăm sóc da này đòi hỏi phải có quy trình và tiến hành đúng thứ tự để đạt được hiệu quả tốt nhất. Tùy vào từng loại da, tình trạng da và nhu cầu mà mỗi người sẽ có những bước, quá trình skincare cho phù hợp.

Skincare vào ban đêm

Ban đêm là lúc da được nghỉ ngơi nên sẽ là thời điểm lý tưởng nhất để chăm sóc cho làn da của bạn. Bạn có thể thực hiện skincare theo10 bước sau đây:

Bước 1: Tẩy trang

Tẩy trang luôn là bước bắt buộc phải có trong các bước dưỡng da vào ban đêm. Dù bạn không có sử dụng mỹ phẩm trang điểm hay không đi chăng nữa. Tẩy trang giúp loại bỏ được hầu hết lớp trang điểm và lấy đi phần lớn bụi bẩn bám dính lên da mặt sau một ngày hoạt động bên ngoài.

Bước2: Rửa mặt

Bước thứ 2 bạn cần làm đó chính là sử dụng sữa rửa mặt để loại bỏ những bụi bẩn, lớp phần còn bám sâu trong da. Hãy cân nhắc sử dụng loại sữa rửa mặt phù hợp và an toàn cho da của bạn. Ngoài ra, bạn đừng quên mỗi tuần phải tẩy da chết ít nhất 1 – 2 lần.

Bước3: Toner

Sau khi rửa mặt xong, độ cân bằng pH sẽ bị thay đổi. Do đó, cần sử dụng toner để giúp cân bằng độ ẩm, pH cho da. Bên cạnh đó, sản phẩm toner còn giúp bảo vệ da khỏi vi khuẩn tấn công, giúp se khít lỗ chân lông và làm căng làn da và giúp cho những sản phẩm dưỡng da ở những bước tiếp theo hoạt động một cách hiệu quả hơn.

Bước 4: Đắp mặt nạ

Trong mặt nạ có chứa rất nhiều thành phần dưỡng chất  cung cấp cho da. Bên cạnh mask giấy, mask kem thì bạn có thể tự làm mặt nạ tự nhiên tại nhà.

Tuy nhiên đắp mặt nạ cũng giống như tẩy tế bào chết, chỉ nên thực hiện 1 – 2 lần/tuần tùy thuộc vào từng loại da. 

Bước 5: Sử dụng sản phẩm đặc trị

Nếu làn da bạn gặp các vấn đề như mụn, thâm, tàn nhang hay có những vết sẹo thì bạn nên sử dụng các sản phẩm đặc trị để giải quyết các rắc rối đó. Tùy vào mục đích nhu cầu mà bạn có thể lựa chọn cho mình dòng mỹ phẩm đặc trị thích hợp và hiệu quả.

Bước 6: Sử dung serum

Bạn có thể sử dụng nhiều loại serum khác nhau để điều trị những vấn đề về da khác nhau.

Bước 7: Kem dưỡng da

Kem dưỡng da giúp da thêm săn chắc, trắng sáng và mềm mại. Tùy vào từng loại da mà bạn lựa chọn cho mình sản phẩm dưỡng da phù hợp. 

Bước8: kem dưỡng mắt

Sử dụng kem dưỡng mắt mỗi ngày giúp hạn chế vết chân chim, cuồng thâm,…để đôi mắt luôn tươi trẻ, sáng ngời.

Bước9: Khóa ẩm

Bước khóa ẩm giúp tăng hiệu quả của quá trình dưỡng da ban đêm, khóa chặt các dưỡng chất đã sử dụng trước đó, tránh bị bay hơi.

Bước 10: Mặt nạ ngủ

Mặt nạ ngủ giúp da mặt được cung cấp độ ẩm và dưỡng chất, đồng thời thư giãn da trong thời gian ngủ. Mặt nạ ngủ không cần sử dụng nhiều, chỉ cần sử dụng khoảng 2 lần/ tuần là hợp lý nhất

Skin care is the range of practices that support skin integrity, enhance its appearance and relieve skin conditions. They can include nutrition, avoidance of excessive sun exposure and appropriate use of emollients. Practices that enhance appearance include the use of cosmetics, botulinum, exfoliation, fillers, laser resurfacing, microdermabrasion, peels, retinol therapy.^[1] Skin care is a routine daily procedure in many settings, such as skin that is either too dry or too moist, and prevention of dermatitis and prevention of skin injuries.^[2]

Skin care is a part of the treatment of wound healing, radiation therapy and some medications.

Contents

• 1Background
• 2Neonate
• 3Sunscreen
• 4Elderly
• 5Acne
• 6Pressure sore
• 7Stoma
• 8Wound healing
• 9Nutrition
• 10Radiation
• 11EGFR
• 12Related products
• 13Procedures
• 14References

Background

Skin care is at the interface of cosmetics,^[3] and dermatology, a traditional medical discipline;^[4] there is some overlap with each of these topics.^{[citation needed]}

The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act defines cosmetics as products intended to cleanse or beautify (for instance, shampoos and lipstick). A separate category exists for medications, which are intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease, or to affect the structure or function of the body (for instance, sunscreens and acne creams), although some products, such as moisturizing sunscreens and anti-dandruff shampoos, are regulated within both categories.^[3][5]

Skin care differs from dermatology, as traditionally practiced, by its additional but less medical scope and by its inclusion of non-physician professionals, such as estheticians and wound care nursing staff.^[1][6] Skin care includes modifications of individual behavior and of environmental and working conditions.^[6] Nevertheless, dermatology has co-opted some aspects of skin care, particularly in the U.S., and to a significantly lesser extent elsewhere, such as the U.K.^[1] Add from^{[1][2][7][8] [9]}

Neonate

Guidelines for neonatal skin care have been developed. Nevertheless, the pediatric and dermatologic communities have not reached consensus on best cleansing practices, as good quality scientific evidence is scarce.^[10] Immersion in water seems superior to washing alone, and use of synthetic detergents or mild liquid baby cleansers seems comparable or superior to water alone.^[10] Add from ^[11][12]

Sunscreen

Main articles: Sunscreen and Health effects of sunlight exposure

A woman applying sunscreen

Sun protection is an important aspect of skin care. Though the sun is beneficial in order for the human body to get its daily dose of vitamin D, unprotected excessive sunlight can cause extreme damage to the skin. Ultraviolet (UVA and UVB) radiation in the sun's rays can cause sunburn in varying degrees, early ageing and increased risk of skin cancer.^[13] UV exposure can cause patches of uneven skin tone and dry out the skin.

This can reduce the skin's elasticity and encourage sagging and wrinkle formation. Sunscreen can protect the skin from sun damage; sunscreen should be applied at least 20 minutes before exposure, and should be re-applied every four hours. Sunscreen should be applied to all areas of the skin that will be exposed to sunlight, and at least a tablespoon (25 ml) should be applied to each limb, the face, chest, and back, to ensure thorough coverage. Many tinted moisturizers, foundations and primers now contain some form of SPF.

Sunscreens may come in the form of creams, gels or lotions; their SPF number indicates their effectiveness in protecting the skin from the sun's radiation. There are sunscreens available to suit every skin type; in particular, those with oily skin should choose non-comedogenic sunscreens; those with dry skins should choose sunscreens with moisturizers to help keep skin hydrated, and those with sensitive skin should choose unscented, hypoallergenic sunscreen and spot-test in an inconspicuous place (such as the inside of the elbow or behind the ear) to ensure that it does not irritate the skin.

Elderly

Skin ageing is associated with increased vulnerability.^[14] Skin problems including pruritus are common in the elderly but are often inadequately addressed.^[15] A literature review of studies that assessed maintenance of skin integrity in the elderly found most to be low levels of evidence^[14] but the review concluded that skin-cleansing with synthetic detergents or amphoteric surfactants induced less skin dryness than using soap and water.^[14] Moisturizers with humectants helped with skin dryness, and skin barrier occlusives reduced skin injuries.^[14]

Acne

Main article: Acne

According to the American Academy of Dermatology, between 40 and 50 million Americans suffer from acne each year.^[16] While many associate acne with adolescence, acne can occur at any age, with its causes including heredity, hormones, menstruation, food, and emotional stress.^[16]

Those with inflammatory acne should exfoliate with caution as the procedure may make conditions worse and consult a dermatologist before treatment.^[16] Some anti-acne creams contain drying agents such as benzoyl peroxide (in concentrations of 2.5 - 10% ).^[17]

Pressure sore

Main article: Pressure ulcer

Pressure sores are injuries to skin and underlying tissue as a result of prolonged pressure on the skin. A known example of pressure sore is bedsore called pressure ulcer.

Stoma

Add from ^[18][19]

When cleaning the stoma area, plain warm water should be use and dry wipe to gently clean around the stoma. Pat gently and make sure not to rub the area.Put all used wipes in a disposable bag and wash your hands after.

Wound healing

Main article: Wound healing

Wound healing is a complex and fragile process in which the skin repairs itself after injury. It is susceptible to interruption or failure that creates non-healing chronic wounds.^[20]

Nutrition

Add from

• 2001 American Society for Clinical Nutrition Nutritional skin care: health effects of micronutrients and fatty acids Esther Boelsma, Henk FJ Hendriks, and Len Roza.

Radiation

Radiation induces skin reactions in the treated area, particularly in the axilla, head and neck, perineum and skin fold regions.^[21] Formulations with moisturising, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and wound healing properties are often used, but no preferred approach or individual product has been identified as best practice.^[21][22] Soft silicone dressings that act as barriers to friction may be helpful.^[21] In breast cancer, calendula cream may reduce the severity of radiation effects on the dark spot corrector.^[22][23] Deodorant use after completing radiation treatment has been controversial but is now recommended for practice.^[23] Add from^{[24][25][26][27]}

EGFR

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are medications used in cancer treatment. These medications commonly cause skin and nail problems, including rashes, dry skin and paronychia.^[28] Preventive intensive moisturising with emollient ointments several times, avoidance of water-based creams and water soaks (although in certain circumstances white vinegar or potassium permanganate soaks may help), protection the skin from excessive exposure to sunshine, and soap substitutes which are less dehydrating for the skin than normal soaps, as well as shampoos that reduce the risk of scalp folliculitis, are recommended. Treatment measures with topical antibiotic medication can be helpful.^[28][29][30]

Related products

Main articles: Cosmeceutical and Nutricosmetics

Cosmeceuticals are topically-applied, combination products that bring together cosmetics and "biologically active ingredients". Products which are similar in perceived benefits but ingested orally are known as nutricosmetics. According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act "does not recognize any such category as "cosmeceuticals." A product can be a drug, a cosmetic, or a combination of both, but the term "cosmeceutical" has no meaning under the law". Drugs are subject to an intensive review and approval process by FDA. Cosmetics, and these related products, although regulated, are not approved by FDA prior to sale.

Procedures

Main article: Dermatology § Therapies

Skin care procedures include use of botulinum;^[31] exfoliation; fillers; laser medicine in cosmetic resurfacing, hair removal, vitiligo, port-wine stain and tattoo removal; photodynamic therapy; microdermabrasion; peels; retinol therapy.^[1]

References

1. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Penzer R, Ersser S. Principles of Skin Care: A Guide for Nurses and Health Care Practitioners. John Wiley & Sons, 2010. ISBN 9781405170871 [1]
2. ^ Jump up to:^a b Lichterfeld A, Hauss A, Surber C, Peters T, Blume-Peytavi U, Kottner J (2015). "Evidence-Based Skin Care: A Systematic Literature Review and the Development of a Basic Skin Care Algorithm". J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 42 (5): 501–24. doi:10.1097/WON.0000000000000162. PMID 26165590.
3. ^ Jump up to:^a b Kessler R. More than Cosmetic Changes: Taking Stock of Personal Care Product Safety. Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.123-A120 [2]
4. ^ Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Random House, Inc. 2001. Page 537. ISBN 0-375-72026-X.
5. ^ FDA. Cosmetics: Guidance & Regulation; Laws & Regulations. Prohibited & Restricted Ingredients. [website]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. Updated 26 January 2015. [3]
6. ^ Jump up to:^a b Schwanitz HJ, Riehl U, Schlesinger T, et al. (2003). "Skin care management: educational aspects". Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 76 (5): 374–81. doi:10.1007/s00420-002-0428-z. PMID 12719982.
7. ^ Handbook of Cosmetic Skin Care Second Edition AVI SHAI, HOWARD I. MAIBACH, and ROBERT BARAN Published August 2009 ISBN 9780415467186 Edition Second Pages 308 226http://informahealthcare.com/isbn/9781616310004
8. ^ Antioxidants and skin care: The essentials Graf J - Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2010
9. ^ Draelos ZD Active agents in common skin care products - Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2010
10. ^ Jump up to:^a b Blume-Peytavi U, Hauser M, Stamatas GN, Pathirana D, Garcia Bartels N (2012). "Skin care practices for newborns and infants: review of the clinical evidence for best practices". Pediatr Dermatol. 29 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01594.x. PMID 22011065.
11. ^ PMID 10633681 Lund C, Kuller J, Lane A, Lott JW, Raines DA (1999). "Neonatal skin care: the scientific basis for practice". Neonatal Netw. 18 (4): 15–27. doi:10.1891/0730-0832.18.4.15. PMID 10633681.
12. ^ Telofski LS, Morello AP 3rd, Mack Correa MC, Stamatas GN (2012). "The infant skin barrier: can we preserve, protect, and enhance the barrier?". Dermatol Res Pract. 2012: 1–18. doi:10.1155/2012/198789. PMC 3439947. PMID 22988452.
13. ^ Clark A, Hessler JL (Aug 2015). "Skin Care". Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 23 (3): 285–95. doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2015.04.002. PMID 26208767.
14. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d Kottner J, Lichterfeld A, Blume-Peytavi U (2013). "Maintaining skin integrity in the aged: a systematic review". Br. J. Dermatol. 169 (3): 528–42. doi:10.1111/bjd.12469. PMID 23773110.
15. ^ Beauregard S, Gilchrest BA (1987). "A survey of skin problems and skin care regimens in the elderly". Arch Dermatol. 123 (12): 1638–43. doi:10.1001/archderm.1987.01660360066014. PMID 3688904.
16. ^ Jump up to:^a b c "Acne clinical guideline". American Academy of Dermatology. 2018.
17. ^ "Topical Acne Drug Products". CFR - Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21, U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 1 April 2018.
18. ^ Skin care management of gastrointestinal fistulas JL Dearlove - Surgical Clinics of North America, 1996 - Elsevier* Peristomal skin care: an overview of available products P Black - Br J Nurs, 2007 - silesse.com
19. ^ Nix D, Ermer-Seltun J (2004). "A review of perineal skin care protocols and skin barrier product use". Ostomy Wound Manage. 50 (12): 59–67. PMID 15632457.
20. ^ Flanagan M. Wound Healing and Skin Integrity: Principles and Practice. John Wiley & Sons, 2013. ISBN 9780470659779
21. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Herst PM (2014). "Protecting the radiation-damaged skin from friction: a mini review". J Med Radiat Sci. 61 (2): 119–25. doi:10.1002/jmrs.46. PMC 4175840. PMID 26229646.
22. ^ Jump up to:^a b McQuestion M (2006). "Evidence-based skin care management in radiation therapy". Semin Oncol Nurs. 22 (3): 163–73. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2006.04.004. PMID 16893745.
23. ^ Jump up to:^a b McQuestion M (2011). "Evidence-based skin care management in radiation therapy: clinical update". Semin Oncol Nurs. 27 (2): e1–17. doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2011.02.009. PMID 21514477.
24. ^ Aistars J (Aug 2006). "The validity of skin care protocols followed by women with breast cancer receiving external radiation". Clin J Oncol Nurs. 10 (4): 487–92. doi:10.1188/06.CJON.487-492. PMID 16927902.
25. ^ Bolderston A, Lloyd NS, Wong RK, Holden L, Robb-Blenderman L (2006). "The prevention and management of acute skin reactions related to radiation therapy: a systematic review and practice guideline". Support Care Cancer. 14 (8): 802–17. doi:10.1007/s00520-006-0063-4. PMID 16758176.
26. ^ Kumar S, Juresic E, Barton M, Shafiq J (Jun 2010). "Management of skin toxicity during radiation therapy: a review of the evidence". J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 54 (3): 264–79. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9485.2010.02170.x. PMID 20598015.
27. ^ Trueman E (2015). "Management of radiotherapy-induced skin reactions". Int J Palliat Nurs. 21 (4): 187–92. doi:10.12968/ijpn.2015.21.4.187. PMID 25901591.
28. ^ Jump up to:^a b Califano R, Tariq N, Compton S, et al. (2015). "Expert Consensus on the Management of Adverse Events from EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the UK". Drugs. 75 (12): 1335–48. doi:10.1007/s40265-015-0434-6. PMC 4532717. PMID 26187773.
29. ^ Thatcher N, Nicolson M, Groves RW, et al. (2009). "Expert consensus on the management of erlotinib-associated cutaneous toxicity in the U.K.". Oncologist. 14 (8): 840–7. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0055. PMID 19679688.
30. ^ Kiyohara Y, Yamazaki N, Kishi A (2013). "Erlotinib-related skin toxicities: treatment strategies in patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 69 (3): 463–72. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.02.025. PMID 23602600.
31. ^ http://www.allergan.com/assets/pdf/botox_cosmetic_pi.pdf